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TENSES · VERBSJune 20265 min read

Futur II.
werden + Partizip II + haben or sein.

Futur II uses the same werden you already know from Futur I, but the end of the sentence now carries two pieces instead of one: the past participle, then haben or sein. It has two jobs: marking something that will be finished before a point in the future, and making a confident guess about something that already happened.

The structure

Futur II is a three-part verb form. werden takes position two, conjugated to agree with the subject. The past participle and the infinitive of haben or sein both move to the very end, in that order. Everything in between stays in normal word order.

Position 1Position 2 (werden)MiddleEnd (Partizip II + haben/sein)
IchwerdedasBuchgelesen haben.
DuwirstdiePrüfungbestanden haben.
ErwirddasAutoverkauft haben.
Wirwerdenangekommen sein.
Siewerdenschongegessen haben.

The participle and haben or sein never change. They do not agree with the subject. Only werden carries the conjugation.

Choosing haben or sein

The choice between haben and sein at the end follows the exact same rule as in Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt. Most verbs take haben. Verbs of motion or change of state, like ankommen or sein itself, take sein.

InfinitivePartizip IIhaben or sein
lesengelesenhaben
verkaufenverkaufthaben
bestehenbestandenhaben
essengegessenhaben
ankommenangekommensein
seingewesensein

For the full haben or sein rule and how past participles are built: Perfekt. The spoken past.

Two uses of Futur II

Futur II covers two situations. Both use the same structure.

1. Finished before a future moment

Futur II marks an action that will be complete before another point in the future. This use often appears with bis or bevor.

  • Bisnächsten Monat werde ich dasBuch gelesen haben. (By next month, I will have read the book.)
  • Du wirst diePrüfung bestanden haben, bevor derSommer beginnt. (You will have passed the exam before the summer starts.)
  • Wir werden angekommen sein, bevor derFilm beginnt. (We will have arrived before the film starts.)

2. A confident guess about the past

Futur II is also used to make a confident guess about something that already happened. The meaning is closer to "probably" than to "will."

  • Er wird dasAuto verkauft haben. (He has probably sold the car.)
  • Sie werden schon gegessen haben. (They have probably already eaten.)
  • Er wird müde gewesen sein. (He must have been tired.)

Futur II vs. Perfekt for assumptions

Perfekt states a fact: something happened. Futur II turns the same sentence into a guess: something probably happened. The participle and the auxiliary stay the same. Only werden is added, and the auxiliary moves to the infinitive.

Perfekt (fact)Futur II (guess)Meaning
Er hat dasAuto verkauft.Er wird dasAuto verkauft haben.He (probably) sold the car.
Sie sind angekommen.Sie werden angekommen sein.They have (probably) arrived.
Er war müde.Er wird müde gewesen sein.He was (probably) tired.

Word order in subordinate clauses

In a subordinate clause introduced by a conjunction like weil, dass, wenn, or ob, the conjugated verb moves to the end. In Futur II, werden moves last of all, after the participle and after haben or sein.

Main clauseSubordinate clause
Ich glaube,dass er dasAuto verkauft haben wird.
Sie sagt,dass sie angekommen sein wird, bevor wir starten.
Ich weiß nicht,ob er müde gewesen sein wird.

In the subordinate clause, the participle and haben or sein come before the conjugated werden. werden is always the last word, just as it is in Futur I.

For the full picture on subordinate clause word order: weil. Because always goes to the end. For Futur I and the structure Futur II builds on: Futur I. werden + Infinitiv. For the other "step back" tense, with the same haben or sein choice: Plusquamperfekt. The past before the past.

Futur II = werden (position 2) + Partizip II + haben/sein (sentence end). haben or sein follows the same rule as Perfekt and Plusquamperfekt. Used for what will be finished before a future moment, and for confident guesses about the past.

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